Yog tias koj nquag tshaj tawm daim ntawv, tej zaum koj yuav tsum tau "tuav" ib zaug lossis lwm qhov. Tuav yog thaum lub dav hlau ua ob peb 360 ° tig kom tsis txhob muaj lwm lub dav hlau lossis tos kom muaj kev tshem tawm hauv av.
Txawm hais tias tsis zoo ib yam li tam sim no, koj tseem tuaj yeem ntsib qhov kev thov tuav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj yog tus kws tsav dav hlau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas. Nrog qhov xav hauv siab, kab ntawv hauv qab no tau sau los ntawm tus kheej kev xav ntawm tus kws tsav dav hlau thiab (ua dag) xav tias koj paub siv cov khoom siv dav hlau xws li VORs, DME, thiab NDBs.
Cov kauj ruam
Kauj Ruam 1. Txiav Txim Qhov Kev Txhim Kho
Kev Tswj Xyuas Huab Cua (ATC) yuav muab cov lus qhia rau koj "tuav sab qaum teb ntawm SKIER kev sib tshuam raws li tau tshaj tawm" lossis muab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau koj xws li "tuav sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Falcon VOR ntawm Victor 366, sab laug." Kev tuav tuav tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau ntawm daim phiaj ntsuas ya thiab feem ntau yuav yog kev sib tshuam ntawm Victor Airways (npaj ua ntej txoj kev ya ntawm VOR kev pabcuam kev mus ncig), VOR (Very siab zaus Omni ua Range chaw nres tsheb), lossis NDB (Nnyob rau Dkev taw qhia Btus eacon).
Kauj Ruam 2. Pom lub Hoob Kawm
Nov yog txoj haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev tuav tuav uas ATC xav kom koj tuav ntawm. Lawv yuav hais tias "tuav sab hnub poob ntawm Victor 8" lossis "tuav ntawm Kremmling 260 ° radial." Koj yuav tsum tau paub zoo nrog VOR thiab NDB radials thiab cov kabmob ua ntej ya tuav cov qauv.
Txoj kev tuav yog txoj kev ya "mus rau" chaw nres tsheb. Qhov no ib txwm yuav yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov radial lossis kev coj tus kheej "los ntawm" lub chaw nres tsheb (piv txwv li 260 ° radial yuav ua rau 080 ° Kev Kawm Tuav Haujlwm). Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov no sai sai, nqa ib daim ntawv thiab muab tus lej rau Kev Txhim Kho thiab kos kab hauv qhov kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob lossis txoj hauv kev los tuav. Muab tus xub taw tes taw mus rau lub chaw nres tsheb txhawm rau txheeb xyuas Txoj Kev Kawm.
Kauj Ruam 3. Kos Tus Qauv Tuav
Thaum koj muaj Kev Kho thiab Hoob, lub hlwb lossis lub cev kos duab daim duab ntawm tus qauv tuav. Koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb nws puas yog Txuj Ci lossis Tsis yog tus qauv. Tus qauv hloov pauv yog mus rau sab xis, thaum tsis yog tus qauv tig mus rau sab laug. Yog tias tus qauv tsis yog tus qauv, nws yuav raug tshaj tawm hauv kab ntawv raws li sab laug los yog ATC yuav hais tias "tsis yog tus qauv" lossis "sab laug."
Pib ntawm Kev Txhim Kho, kos lub 180 ° tig rau hauv cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb (sab laug lossis sab xis), txuas kab txuas mus rau Txoj Kev ถือ, thiab kos lwm 180 ° tig los coj koj rov qab mus rau Chav Kawm Tuav. Nov yog lub npe "racetrack" lossis Holding Pattern.
Kauj Ruam 4. Txiav txim qhov txheej txheem nkag mus kom raug
Nyob ntawm qhov chaw koj nkag mus rau tus qauv tuav, koj yuav tsum tau ua raws cov txheej txheem nkag. Yog tias koj tab tom los ntawm 70 ° mus rau sab laug (txoj cai rau cov qauv uas tsis yog qauv) ntawm txoj kev tuav, siv Teardrop txheej txheem. Los ntawm 110 ° mus rau sab xis (lossis sab laug yog tias tsis yog tus qauv), siv cov txheej txheem Parallel. Thiab los ntawm qhov seem 180 °, ya ncaj qha nkag. Cov txheej txheem nkag tau teev tseg hauv qab no:
- Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem. Thaum mus txog qhov kev tuav tuav ruaj khov los ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv ntu (a), tig mus rau nqe lus mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm txoj kev tuav sab nraud ntawm sab tsis tuav rau lub sijhawm tsim nyog (saib cov kauj ruam 5), tig rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus qauv tuav los ntawm ntau dua 180 degrees, thiab rov qab mus rau qhov tuav tuav lossis cuam tshuam txoj kev tuav hauv.
- Cov txheej txheem kua muag. Thaum mus txog qhov tuav tuav los ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv ntu (b), tig sab nraud mus rau nqe lus 30 ° los ntawm txoj kev tuav ntawm sab tuav rau lub sijhawm uas tsim nyog, tom qab ntawd tig mus rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus qauv tuav kom cuam tshuam txoj kev tuav hauv.
- Cov txheej txheem nkag ncaj qha. Thaum mus txog qhov tuav tuav los ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv ntu (c), ya ncaj qha rau qhov kho thiab tig ua raws li tus qauv tuav.
Kauj Ruam 5. Sij hawm ob txhais ceg
Tus qauv yuav tsum tau ya mus thiaj li Inbound Leg yog ib feeb ntev yog tias koj ya ntawm lossis qis dua 14, 000 ko taw (4, 267.2 m) Lub Hiav Txwv Qib Siab (MSL) lossis ib thiab ib nrab feeb saum toj no 14, 000 taw (4, 267.2 m) TSO. Ntawm kev tuav tuav, ua kom 180 ° tus qauv tig tig (3 °/sec) raws qhov qhia tshwj xeeb rau tus qauv (tus qauv lossis tsis yog tus qauv). Thaum koj abeam tuav tuav (lossis tom qab dov tawm ntawm qhov tig yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab abeam kho), pib lub sijhawm tawm ntawm sab ceg. Tom qab ib feeb (1½ feeb siab dua 14, 000ft), ua lwm 180 ° tig mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia kom cuam tshuam txoj kev tuav. Lub sij hawm tus ceg inbound kom txog rau thaum tuav kho. Yog tias muaj cua me me lossis tsis muaj cua, nws yuav tsum yog ib lossis 1½ feeb raws li qhov tsim nyog. Yog tsis yog, koj yuav tsum tau kho cov ceg tawm sab nrauv kom ua rau cov ceg sab hauv tsim nyog raws sijhawm. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj ya ntawm 12, 000 ko taw (3, 657.6 m) thiab pom tias nws siv sijhawm 45 vib nas this los ya lub dav hlau sab hauv tom qab ya tawm mus rau ib feeb, ua rau koj sab ceg 1 feeb thiab 15 vib nas this tom ntej. Ib yam li ntawd, yog tias sab ceg tawm los li 1 feeb 30 vib nas this, ua kom luv ceg tawm ntawm qhov ntxiv 30 vib nas this.
Nco ntsoov tsis txhob pib lub sijhawm tawm sab nraud kom txog rau thaum koj ncaj qha rau qhov tuav tuav ruaj khov.
Kauj Ruam 6. Saib koj qhov nrawm
Tshwj tsis yog muaj lwm yam piav qhia ntawm daim duab lossis qhia los ntawm ATC, qhov siab tshaj plaws tuav cov cua ntawm nruab nrab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tuav qhov siab thiab 6, 000 ko taw (1, 828.8 m) yog 200 pob txha qhia huab cua (KIAS). Nruab nrab ntawm 6001 thiab 14, 000 ko taw (0.0 m), tsis txhob ya nrawm dua 230 KIAS thiab siab dua 14, 000 taw (4, 267.2 m), qhov siab tshaj plaws cua yog 265 KIAS.
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 2: Kev Kho Cua
Kauj Ruam 1. Kho kom cua tuaj yeem ua rau cov ceg sab hauv lub sijhawm tsim nyog
Yog tias cov ceg sab hauv luv dua li nws yuav tsum tau ua, ua kom cov ceg tawm sab nraud los ntawm qhov sib txawv. Yog tias sab ceg sab ntev dhau, ua kom luv ceg tawm ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los. Piv txwv li, ya qis dua 14, 000 ko taw (4, 267.2 m), yog tias sab ceg nkag siv sijhawm li ib feeb, 45 vib nas this kom tiav, lub sijhawm tawm sab nraud rau 15 vib nas this (ib feeb rho tawm ntxiv 45 vib nas this los ntawm txhais ceg sab hauv).
Kauj Ruam 2. Txhim kho koj txoj kev hla kev hla ntawm txhais ceg sab nraud
Yog tias koj muaj 10 ° kev kho kab rov tav los tuav koj txoj hauv kev ntawm sab ceg, ya tawm sab ceg nrog 30 ° kho. Tswj cov txheej txheem hloov pauv.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 2: DME Tuav
Kauj Ruam 1. Qee tus qauv tuav xav tau kev siv Cov Khoom Siv Kev Xaj Nrig (DME) lossis GPS Raws Txoj Kev Taug Kev (ATD)
Cov hauv paus yog tib yam li saum toj no tshwj tsis yog DME nrug yog siv los tuav tuav.
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag mus rau tus qauv raws li qhov tsim nyog (tsim kua muag, sib npaug, lossis ncaj qha)
Kauj Ruam 3. Pib tig mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb DME/ATD kho
Kauj Ruam 4. Xaus cov ceg tawm sab nraud thiab tig mus rau sab ceg ntawm qhov xav tau nrug deb es tsis txhob ncua sijhawm ceg
Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tuav ntawm 10DME kho rau navaid thiab ya 5 mais (8.0 km) ob txhais ceg raws li qhia los ntawm ATC, koj yuav xaus cov ceg tawm ntawm 15 mais (24 km) DME (saib daim duab saum toj no).
Yog tias koj tab tom tuav ntawm navaid, rho qhov ntev ntawm ob txhais ceg los ntawm kev txhim kho tuav. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tab tom tuav 20DME kho thiab ya tawm ntawm navaid, xaus koj txhais ceg tawm ntawm 25DME.
