Lub qhov taub yog lub qhov uas tswj hwm lub teeb ci uas dhau mus rau lub koob yees duab sensor (lossis lub ntsej muag zaj duab xis rau lub koob yees duab zaj duab xis). Nws yog ib qho ntawm peb qhov kev teeb tsa tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav tawm (ISO, kaw nrawm, aperture).
Los ntawm kev kho lub aperture lossis f/nres qhov uas nws feem ntau xa mus, koj tsis tsuas yog tswj cov teeb pom kev uas koj 'sib sau ua ke' tab sis koj tseem qhia cov teebmeem ntawm koj daim duab kawg uas koj yuav tsum nkag siab. Qhov tob ntawm daim teb (DOF, thaj tsam ntawm qhov pom tseeb los ntawm daim duab) yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev kho qhov muag tsis zoo lossis txhim kho. Paub txog tias koj lub koob yees duab lub lens ua haujlwm zoo li cas yuav pab koj xaiv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog dab tsi lwm qhov chaw teeb pom kev kom siv thiab qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cas lossis txawm tias yuam kev yuav tshwm sim thiab yuav ua li cas cov no yuav cuam tshuam rau cov duab.
Cov kauj ruam
Kauj Ruam 1. Paub koj tus kheej nrog qee lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus
Koj yuav tsum paub cov no txhawm rau nkag siab qhov seem ntawm kab lus.
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Qhov siab los yog nres. Qhov no yog qhov hloov kho tau los ntawm qhov uas lub teeb hla nws txoj hauv kev los ntawm qhov kev kawm, los ntawm lub lens, mus rau zaj duab xis (lossis digital sensor). Zoo li lub pinhole hauv lub koob yees duab pinhole, nws thaiv lub teeb ntawm lub teeb tshwj tsis yog cov uas yuav, txawm tias tsis muaj lub lens, zoo li tsim cov duab ntxig los ntawm kev hla dhau lub hauv paus ntawd mus rau qhov sib thooj hauv qhov kev coj rov qab ntawm zaj duab xis. Nrog lub lens, nws tseem thaiv lub teeb ntawm lub teeb uas yuav hla mus deb ntawm qhov chaw, qhov twg lub iav tsom iav yuav tsawg dua qhov kwv yees kwv yees (feem ntau nrog ntau yam yooj yim-rau-ua rau qhov chaw kheej kheej) cov duab uas yuav tsom nws zoo kawg nkaus (feem ntau ntau dua qhov chaw tsis zoo), ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Vim tias txhua lub koob yees duab muaj lub qhov taub, feem ntau kho tau, thiab yog tias tsis yog, tsawg kawg muaj cov npoo ntawm lub lens ua lub qhov taub, qhov teeb tsa qhov loj me yog qhov ib txwm hu ua "aperture"
- F-nres los yog yooj yim lub qhov muag. Qhov no yog qhov piv ntawm qhov ntev focal ntawm lub lens rau qhov loj ntawm lub aperture. Hom kev ntsuas no tau siv vim tias qhov muab focal piv ua rau cov duab zoo ib yam, xav tau qhov ntsuas nrawm tib yam rau qhov muab ISO teeb tsa (zaj duab xis nrawm lossis sib npaug ntsuas lub teeb pom kev zoo) tsis hais txog qhov focal ntev.
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Iris diaphragm los yog yooj yim iris. Nov yog lub cuab yeej siv lub koob yees duab feem ntau siv los tsim thiab kho lub qhov taub. Nws suav nrog cov kab sib tshooj ntawm cov hlau nyias nyias uas tuaj yeem viav vias mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov nyob hauv lub tiaj tiaj hlau. Nws tsim lub hauv paus qhov uas zoo kawg nkaus puag ncig qhib dav, thaum cov hniav tawm ntawm txoj kev, thiab txwv los ntawm kev thawb cov hniav mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov ntawd los ua lub qhov me me sib npaug (uas tej zaum yuav muaj cov npoo nkhaus).
- Yog tias koj lub koob yees duab siv lo ntsiab muag hloov pauv, lossis nws yog "choj" hom lub koob yees duab digital, lub lens yuav muaj qhov kho qhov muag diaphragm iris. Yog tias koj lub koob yees duab yog lub tsho-lub hnab me me "taw tes-thiab-tua" cov qauv me me, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tus qauv qis dua, nws yuav muaj "qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom". Tsis tas li, yog tias lub koob yees duab lub xov tooj suav nrog "M", "Tv", thiab "Av", nws yuav luag muaj qhov muag qhov muag tiag tiag. qhov no siv tau txawm tias ntawm cov qauv me me. Yog tias hom kev hu xov tooj tsis suav nrog peb qhov teeb tsa no, lub koob yees duab yuav muaj lub diaphragm, lossis nws tsuas yog muaj ND lim; tib txoj hauv kev kom paub tseeb yog nyeem cov lus tshwj xeeb hauv tus tswv phau ntawv, lossis nyeem cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws (Google koj lub koob yees duab lub npe qauv nrog lo lus "tshuaj xyuas", thiab tej zaum koj yuav pom tsawg kawg ob lossis peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas hauv Is Taws Nem). Yog tias koj lub koob yees duab siv ND lim, koj lub peev xwm "ua kom zoo" koj qhov chaw thiab tswj qhov tob ntawm thaj chaw thiab cov teebmeem bokeh yuav raug txwv rau qhov twg los xij qhov teeb tsa qhov siab ntawm lub lens muab. NCO TSEG ntawm Hom Dial teeb tsa: "M" sawv rau "Phau Ntawv" - hauv hom no koj yuav tsum teeb tsa ob lub qhov nrawm thiab lub qhov taub. "Tv" yog qhov tseem ceeb kaw qhov nrawm: koj tau teeb tsa tus kheej kaw, thiab lub koob yees duab lub khoos phis tawj lub computer teeb tsa qhov tsim nyog qhov qhib. "Av" yog "Aperture Ua Ntej" - koj tau teeb tsa f -nres (aperture) uas koj xav tau, feem ntau ua tiav qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj tsam, thiab lub koob yees duab lub computer nthuav tawm txiav txim siab qhov kaw qhov nrawm siv li cas.
- Feem ntau cov koob yees duab SLR tsuas yog kaw lub qhov muag diaphragm, ua rau nws pom tau los ntawm sab xub ntiag ntawm lub lens, thaum lub sijhawm raug lossis thaum qhov tob-ntawm-thaj tsam-saib ua haujlwm tau qhib.
- Nres nres txhais tau hais tias siv me dua, lossis (nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus) qhov me me aperture (loj f/ tus lej).
- Qhib txhais tau tias siv qhov loj dua, lossis (nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus), qhov loj me me (f/ tus lej me).
- Qhib qhib txhais tau tias siv lub qhov loj tshaj plaws (tsawg tshaj f/tus lej).
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Qhov tob ntawm daim teb yog thaj tsam tshwj xeeb pem hauv ntej-rau-tom qab, lossis (nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus) qhov dav ntawm thaj tsam pem hauv ntej-rau-tom qab uas zoo nkaus li ntse. Lub qhov taub me me nce qhov tob ntawm daim teb thiab txo qis qhov uas cov khoom sab nraum qhov tob ntawm daim teb yog qhov muag plooj. Qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tob ntawm thaj tsam yog qhov xwm txheej vim tias qhov ua kom poob qis zuj zus los ntawm qhov pom tseeb ntawm qhov ua kom pom tseeb, thiab qhov pom tau ntawm qhov tsis pom kev yog nyob ntawm yam xws li hom kev kawm, lwm qhov chaw ntawm qhov tsis meej, thiab saib cov xwm txheej.
Ib qho loj qhov tob-ntawm-teb yog hu ua tob; ib qho me me qhov tob-ntawm-teb yog hu ua ntiav.
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Aberrations yog qhov tsis zoo hauv lub lens lub peev xwm tsom mus rau lub teeb nrawm. Feem ntau hais lus, tsis tshua kim thiab hom txawv ntawm lo ntsiab muag (xws li superwides) muaj qhov tsis zoo ntau dua.
Lub qhov muag tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv kab (kab ncaj ncaj pom nkhaus), tab sis nws feem ntau ploj mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub lens tsom iav qhov ntev sib txawv, thiab cov duab tuaj yeem tsim ua kom tsis txhob ua tib zoo saib xws li los ntawm kev tsis tso qhov tseeb ncaj ncaj cov kab xws li ntawm cov tsev lossis lub qab ntuj ze rau ntawm cov kab npoo, thiab nws tuaj yeem raug kho hauv software lossis los ntawm qee lub koob yees duab digital tau txais
- Kev sib txawv yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm nthwv dej hla dhau qhov qhib me me uas txwv qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub iav ntawm qhov apertures me. Nws dhau los ua qhov pom tseeb yav dhau los f/11 lossis yog li, ua lub koob yees duab zoo thiab lub lens tsis zoo dua li ib qho (txawm tias qee zaum ib qho haum rau qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb xws li qhov tob tob ntawm qhov chaw lossis qhov nrawm nrawm uas qhov kev nkag siab qis lossis lim nruab nrab-ntom tsis muaj).
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab qhov tob ntawm daim teb
Qhov tob ntawm daim teb yog, raws li txoj cai, thaj tsam ntawm cov khoom sib nrug nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom raug ntsuas nrog qhov ntse siv tau. Tsuas muaj ib qho kev nrug deb ntawm qhov uas cov khoom yuav ua kom pom tseeb, tab sis qhov ua tau zoo tau maj mam maj mam ua ntej thiab tom qab qhov deb ntawd. Txog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txhua qhov kev taw qhia, cov khoom yuav tsum plooj me ntsis kom cov yeeb yaj kiab lossis lub ntsuas cua yuav ntxhib heev txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tsis meej; rau qhov deb me ntsis ntau dua lawv tseem yuav tshwm "zoo nkauj" ntse hauv daim duab kawg. Cov khub ntawm qhov tob-ntawm-cov cim rau qee qhov apertures tom ntej ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm lub lens yog qhov zoo rau kwv yees qhov ntsuas tom kawg no.
- Kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm qhov tob ntawm thaj tsam yog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev tsom mus deb, thiab ob feem peb yog tom qab (yog tias tsis txuas mus rau qhov tsis muaj qhov kawg, vim nws yog qhov tshwm sim cuam tshuam nrog qhov nyiaj uas lub teeb ci los ntawm ib yam khoom yuav tsum tau khoov. kom sib sau ua ke ntawm lub focal point thiab cov duab hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov deb deb zoo li mus rau qhov sib npaug.)
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Qhov tob ntawm daim teb poob qis. Cov keeb kwm yav dhau thiab keeb kwm yav dhau yuav pom me me, yog tias tsis tsom mus rau, nrog lub qhov taub me me, tab sis qhov muag plooj lossis tsis tuaj yeem lees paub nrog lub qhov taub dav. Txiav txim siab seb lawv puas tseem ceeb thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus thiab yuav tsum yog me ntsis muag, lossis cuam tshuam thiab yuav tsum tau qhov muag plooj.
Yog tias koj xav tau qhov zoo tom qab plooj tab sis tsis muaj qhov tob txaus ntawm qhov chaw rau koj qhov kev kawm, tsom mus rau ntu uas yuav ua rau muaj kev mloog ntau, feem ntau yog qhov muag
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Qhov tob ntawm daim teb feem ntau zoo li yuav vam khom, ntxiv rau qhov siab, focal ntev (ntev focal ntev muab tsawg dua), hom ntawv loj (cov yeeb yaj kiab me dua lossis qhov loj me sensor muab ntau dua, piv txwv tias tib lub kaum sab xis pom, piv txwv li, focal ntev sib npaug), thiab nrug deb (muaj tsawg dua ntawm kev tsom mus deb).
Yog li, yog tias koj xav tau qhov tob tob ntawm daim teb, koj tuaj yeem yuav lub lens nrawm nrawm (kim), lossis nthuav dav (pub dawb) thiab teeb tsa txawm tias pheej yig me-lub qhov muag lens dav qhib.
- Lub hom phiaj kev kos duab ntawm qhov tob ntawm daim teb yog txhob txwm ua kom muaj tag nrho cov duab ntse lossis rau "qoob loo qhov tob" los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej thiab/lossis keeb kwm yav dhau.
- Lub hom phiaj xav tau ntau ntxiv ntawm qhov tob ntawm daim teb yog teeb lub qhov me me thiab ua ntej tsom mus rau lub lens rau "hyperfocal nrug" (qhov ze tshaj plaws uas qhov tob ntawm daim teb txuas mus rau qhov tsis sib xws los ntawm kev muab nrug; saib cov lus lossis qhov tob ntawm cov cim cim ntawm lub lens rau lub qhov muag xaiv) lossis kom kwv yees kwv yees deb, kom npaj txhij los thaij duab sai nrog lub koob yees duab los ntawm tus kheej lossis cov ntsiab lus txav nrawm dhau lossis tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees rau autofocus (nyob rau hauv rooj plaub twg koj yuav xav tau siab dua) shutter speed ib yam nkaus).
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Nco ntsoov tias koj ib txwm yuav tsis pom ib qho ntawm no los ntawm koj lub viewfinder (lossis ntawm koj lub vijtsam thaum koj tab tom sau ntawv.
Lub koob yees duab niaj hnub ntsuas nrog lub lens ntawm nws qhov dav tshaj plaws, thiab tsuas yog nres lub lens rau nws qhov kev xaiv qhov siab thaum lub sijhawm kis. Qhov tob-ntawm-thaj tsam saib ua haujlwm feem ntau tso cai tsuas yog pom thiab tsis pom tseeb. (Tsis quav ntsej cov qauv coj txawv txawv hauv qhov tsom iav saib; lawv yuav tsis tshwm nyob rau hauv daim duab kawg.) Dab tsi ntxiv, viewfinders ntawm digital SLRs niaj hnub no thiab lwm lub koob yees duab autofocus tsis txawm qhia qhov tseeb-qhib qhov tob ntawm thaj tsam nrog lub lens sai dua tshaj f/2.8 lossis yog li (nws qis dua nws zoo li; tso siab rau autofocus, tsis raug rau qhov txwv no, thaum ua tau). Qhov kev xaiv zoo dua ntawm cov koob yees duab digital yog yooj yim siv daim duab, tom qab ntawd ua nws rov qab thiab nthuav dav hauv koj lub LCD kom pom tias keeb kwm yav dhau los muaj qhov ntse txaus (lossis plooj) txaus.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nkag siab txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub qhov taub thiab teeb pom kev zoo tam sim ntawd (nyem)
Lub foob pob tawg ib txwm yog li luv luv uas qhov kev tiv thaiv nyem ntawm qhov raug cuam tshuam tsuas yog los ntawm lub qhov taub. (Feem ntau 35mm thiab digital SLRs muaj qhov siab tshaj "flash-sync" flash-tau tshaj qhov ceev; saum toj no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm tus ncej yuav raug nthuav tawm vim yog txoj hauv kev uas lawv "focal-plane" shutter ua haujlwm. -sync flash modes siv nrawm nrawm ntawm qhov ua kom tsis muaj zog, txhua qhov nthuav tawm ib feem ntawm tus thav duab; lawv txo qis ntau yam nyem thiab yog li tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.) Lub qhov dav dav ua rau ntau qhov flash ntau. Nws kuj tseem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv-flash ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev nce qhov faib tawm los ntawm lub teeb nyem thiab txo lub sijhawm thaum lub teeb pom kev ib puag ncig tau tso cai. Lub qhov me me yuav xav tau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntau dhau nyob ze vim qhov tso zis tsawg kawg hauv qab no uas yog nyem tsis tuaj yeem txo qis (flash ncaj qha, uas yog qhov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, tuaj yeem pab hauv qhov xwm txheej no). Ntau lub koob yees duab tuaj yeem kho qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov nyem thiab teeb pom kev ib puag ncig nrog "them nyiaj raug lub teeb". Lub koob yees duab digital yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau teeb tsa teeb nyem vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg ntawm lub teeb tam sim no tsis yog qhov xav tau, txawm hais tias qee lub studio flashes muaj "qauv teeb" thiab qee qhov zoo nkauj lub teeb nyem tau ua qauv-teeb-zoo li saib ua ntej.
Kauj Ruam 4. Ntsuam xyuas koj lub iav kom pom tseeb
Txhua lub lens sib txawv thiab tau txhaj zoo dua ntawm qhov sib txawv rau qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Tawm mus thiab tua ib yam dab tsi nrog ntau qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm qhov sib txawv sib txawv thiab sib piv qhov txhaj tshuaj kom paub seb koj lub lens coj li cas ntawm ntau lub apertures. Lub hom phiaj yuav tsum yog txhua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "infinity" (30 ko taw lossis ntau dua nrog lub kaum ntse ntse dav mus rau ntau pua taw nrog lub iav tsom iav; qhov deb ntawm cov ntoo feem ntau yog qhov zoo) kom zam kev tsis meej pem nrog qhov tsis zoo. Nov yog qee cov lus qhia raws li yuav nrhiav dab tsi:
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Yuav luag txhua lub lens muaj qhov sib txawv qis thiab tsis ntse ntawm lawv qhov dav tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm koj daim duab.
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm taw tes-thiab-tua thiab lo ntsiab muag pheej yig dua. Thiaj li, yog tias koj yuav tau nthuav dav hauv cov ces kaum ntawm koj cov duab uas koj xav kom ntse, tom qab ntawd koj yuav xav siv lub qhov me me. Rau cov ntsiab lus tiaj tus, f/8 feem ntau yog qhov dav tshaj plaws. Rau cov khoom ntawm qhov sib txawv nyob deb qhov aperture me me yuav zoo dua rau qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw.
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Feem ntau cov tsom iav yuav muaj qee qhov pom pom ntawm lub teeb poob-tawm dav qhib.
Lub teeb poob qis yog qhov uas cov npoo ntawm daim duab tsaus dua me ntsis ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm daim duab. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog qhov zoo rau ntau daim duab, tshwj xeeb yog duab; nws ua tib zoo saib mus rau nruab nrab ntawm daim duab, uas yog vim li cas coob leej neeg ntxiv qhov poob qis hauv kev tshaj tawm. Tab sis nws tseem zoo kom paub tias koj tau txais dab tsi. Kev poob qis feem ntau tsis pom tom qab txog f/8.
- Zoom lo ntsiab muag tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm seb nyob deb li cas hauv lossis tawm lawv tau nthuav dav. Kuaj rau yam saum toj no ntawm ob peb qhov sib txawv sib txawv.
- Qhov sib txawv ua rau yuav luag txhua lub lens cov duab softer ntawm f/16 thiab lub apertures me dua, thiab pom meej dua softer ntawm f/22 thiab me dua.
- Txhua yam no tsuas yog qee yam los xav txog kom pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm daim duab uas twb tau muaj qhov ua tau zoo lawm-suav nrog qhov tob ntawm daim teb-raws li qhov ua tau, thiab uas yuav tsis ntau dua li qhov ua tsis tau zoo los ntawm kev kaw tsis txaus ua rau lub koob yees duab-co lossis cov ntsiab lus plooj lossis suab nrov los ntawm ntau dhau "rhiab heev" (ua kom nrov nrov).
- Tsis txhob nkim zaj duab xis los tshuaj xyuas qhov no-tshuaj xyuas koj lub lo ntsiab muag ntawm lub koob yees duab digital, txheeb xyuas kev tshuaj xyuas, thiab hauv qhov piv txwv xav tias kim los yog qhov tseem ceeb (tsis nthuav dav) lo ntsiab muag zoo tshaj ntawm f/8, pheej yig yooj yim xws li cov iav lo ntsiab muag yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm f/11, thiab qhov txawv txawv pheej yig xws li superwides lossis lo ntsiab muag nrog dav lossis tele adapters zoo tshaj ntawm f/16. (Nrog lub lens hloov pauv ntawm tus taw tes thiab tua, nres kom ntau li ntau tau, tej zaum los ntawm kev siv lub koob yees duab lub hom phiaj qhov tseem ceeb-saib hauv nws cov ntawv qhia zaub mov.)
Kauj Ruam 5. Nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb txog lub qhov taub
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Bokeh, lo lus Nyij Pooj feem ntau siv los hais txog qhov pom ntawm thaj chaw uas tsis pom kev, tshwj xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov ntawd zoo li lub ntsej muag ci. Ntau ntau tau sau txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov blobs uas tsis pom tseeb, uas qee zaum muaj zog dua nyob nruab nrab thiab qee zaum me ntsis ci ntawm ntug, zoo li donuts, lossis qee qhov ua ke ntawm ob, tab sis tsawg kawg ib tus kws sau ntawv tsis tshua pom nws tshwj tsis yog hauv kab lus bokeh. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm qhov muag plooj yog:
- Ntau qhov loj dua thiab nthuav ntau ntawm qhov dav qhov dav.
- Mos-edged ntawm qhov dav tshaj plaws, vim yog lub qhov sib txig sib luag (ntug ntawm lub lens, ntau dua li cov hniav iris).
- Cov duab ntawm lub diaphragm qhib, thaum tsis nyob ntawm qhov dav tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog qhov pom tshaj plaws ntawm qhov dav apertures vim tias lawv loj. Qhov no yuav suav tias yog qhov tsis ntxim nyiam nrog lub lens uas qhib tsis ze ze rau ib puag ncig, xws li lub lens pheej yig nrog tsib- lossis rau-lub ntsej muag diaphragm.
- Qee lub sij hawm ib nrab hli ntau dua li ncig mus rau ob sab ntawm cov duab ntawm qhov dav heev, tej zaum vim yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub lens tsis loj li nws yuav tsum tau ua kom pom kev zoo rau txhua qhov ntawm daim duab ntawm lub qhov taub, lossis nthuav dav vim "tsis nco qab" ntawm qhov dav heev (uas zoo nkauj npaum li qhov teeb meem thaum thaij duab teeb thaum hmo ntuj).
- Tsis pub tshaj qhov zoo ib yam nrog daim iav-hom iav lo ntsiab muag, vim yog qhov cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab.
- Diffraction spikes sib sau hnub qub. Cov ntsiab lus ci zoo heev, xws li lub teeb pom kev hmo ntuj lossis qhov me me qhov xav tau ntawm lub hnub ci, yuav nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm "diffraction spikes" ua "sunstars" ntawm qhov apertures me me (lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev sib txawv ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub qhov sib txawv uas tsim los ntawm iris). Cov no yuav yog cov lej ntawm cov ntsiab lus ib yam li koj lub lens muaj lub qhov muag pom (yog tias koj muaj tus lej ntawm lawv), vim yog kev sib tshooj ntawm ob sab-sab 'spikes, lossis ob zaug ntau dua (yog tias koj muaj tus lej ntawm lub qhov muag txawv). Lawv fainter thiab tsis tshua pom nrog lo ntsiab muag nrog ntau, ntau lub qhov muag qhov muag (feem ntau yog lo ntsiab muag coj txawv txawv xws li qub Leicas).
Kauj Ruam 6. Tawm mus thiab tua
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (hais txog qhov aperture tsawg kawg), Tswj koj qhov tob ntawm daim teb. Nws yooj yim li qhov no: aperture me dua txhais tau tias tob dua ntawm daim teb, aperture loj dua txhais tau tias tsawg dua. Aperture loj kuj txhais tau tias tom qab plooj. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
- Siv lub qhov me me kom yuam kom tob dua ntawm daim teb.
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Nco ntsoov tias qhov tob ntawm daim teb yuav qis dua qhov koj nyob ze.
Yog tias koj tab tom ua duab thaij duab, piv txwv li, koj yuav xav tso tseg ntau dua li qhov koj xav tau rau toj roob hauv pes. Cov kws yees duab kab feem ntau nqes mus rau f/16 lossis me dua, thiab yuav tsum ua rau lawv cov ntsiab lus nrog ntau lub teeb pom kev zoo.
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Siv lub aperture loj los yuam kom tob tob ntawm daim teb.
Qhov no yog qhov zoo rau cov duab (zoo dua li lub ntsej muag tsis siv neeg lub ntsej muag tsis zoo), piv txwv li; siv lub qhov loj tshaj plaws uas koj muaj, xauv koj lub ntsej muag ntawm lub qhov muag, rov ua dua tshiab thiab koj yuav pom keeb kwm yav dhau los raug pov tseg thiab yog li ntawd, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg.
Nco ntsoov tias qhib lub qhov taub zoo li qhov no yuav ua rau kaw qhov nrawm kom raug xaiv. Hauv nruab hnub nrig, nco ntsoov tias koj tsis ua rau koj lub koob yees duab nce siab tshaj qhov nrawm nrawm (feem ntau yog 1/4000 ntawm digital SLRs). Khaws koj ISO qis kom zam qhov no.
Kauj Ruam 7. Tua rau cov teebmeem tshwj xeeb
Yog tias koj yees duab teeb thaum hmo ntuj, muaj lub koob yees duab txaus, thiab xav tau lub hnub qub, siv lub qhov me me. Yog tias koj xav tau qhov loj, txig sib npaug bokeh me ntsis (txawm tias muaj qee lub voj voog tsis tiav), siv lub qhov qhib dav.
Kauj Ruam 8. Tua kom puv-flash
Siv lub qhov taub loj thiab kaw qhov nrawm yog tias tsim nyog los sib tov flash nrog nruab hnub kom lub teeb nyem tsis dhau.
Kauj Ruam 9. Tua kom pom cov duab zoo tshaj plaws
Yog tias qhov tob ntawm thaj chaw tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb (uas feem ntau yuav yog rooj plaub thaum txhua yam zoo nkauj hauv daim duab yog nyob deb ntawm lub lens thiab yuav tsom mus rau ib qho ntxiv), qhov ntsuas qhov nrawm yuav siab txaus kom tsis txhob plooj ntawm lub koob yees duab co. thiab ISO teeb tsa yuav qis txaus kom tsis txhob muaj suab nrov lossis lwm yam tsis zoo (uas feem ntau yog rooj plaub thaum nruab hnub), koj tsis xav tau ib qho teeb meem ntsig txog lub qhov muag, thiab ib qho nyem muaj zog txaus kom sib npaug nrog lub teeb pom kev txaus, teeb lub aperture uas muab cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws nrog rau lub lens tshwj xeeb uas tau siv.
Kauj Ruam 10. Thaum koj tau xaiv lub lens qhov siab, sim ua qhov feem ntau ntawm nws nrog hom aperture-priority
Yees duab - Los ntawm kev siv qhov kev pabcuam no, qee cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug muab qhia rau YouTube
Lub tswv yim
- Qhov muag muag los ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab, kom tsawg dua, defocus (uas tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv coj txawv txawv tsis yog muag ib leeg) qee zaum tuaj yeem txo qis los ntawm kev ua haujlwm xws li "tsis npog ntsej muag" ua haujlwm hauv koj cov software tom qab ua tiav; GIMP thiab Photoshop yog ob qho piv txwv nrov. Qhov no yuav ntxiv dag zog rau cov npoo txawm hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsiab lus zoo uas tsis raug ntes, thiab tsim kom ntxaws qhia qhov tsis raug yog tias siv ntau dhau.
- Muaj ntau lub tswv yim zoo hauv cov lus qub: f/8 thiab tsis txhob lig. f/8 feem ntau muab cov ntsiab lus txaus rau feem ntau tseem kawm, thiab nws yog qhov twg 35mm thiab digital SLR lo ntsiab muag feem ntau ntawm lawv qhov ntse tshaj (lossis ze rau nws). Tsis txhob ntshai siv nws - lossis hom program (hom zoo kom tso koj lub koob yees duab rau yam twg tuaj yeem tshwm sim) - rau cov ncauj lus nthuav uas yuav tsis tas yuav sawv tseem rau koj kho koj lub koob yees duab.
- Qee lub sij hawm koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov koj xaiv ntawm lub qhov taub kom tso cai kaw kom nrawm txaus los yog siv tau cov yeeb yaj kiab nrawm lossis "rhiab heev" (ua kom nrov) teeb tsa. Koj tseem tuaj yeem cia li cia koj lub koob yees duab pib teeb tsa xaiv qee yam rau koj kom txhaj tshuaj. Ua.
- Yog tias ceev faj qhov kev xaiv lub qhov muag yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau koj daim duab thiab koj muaj lub koob yees duab tsis siv neeg, lub hom phiaj qhov tseem ceeb lossis hom phiaj hloov pauv (scrolling los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm lub qhov taub thiab qhov nrawm nrawm txiav txim siab muab qhov raug kom raug) yog txoj hauv kev yooj yim los teeb tsa nws.
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Txhua lub tsom iav muaj qee qhov kev txawv txav hauv lawv: tsis muaj ib yam zoo li "zoo meej" lub lens, txawm tias yog tus qauv tshaj lij uas raug nqi ntau txhiab daus las. Qhov xov xwm zoo yog lub npe-lo ntsiab muag lo ntsiab muag, xws li los ntawm Nikon, Canon, Pentax, Zeiss, Leica, Sony/Minolta, thiab Olympus, feem ntau tau paub "kev hloov pauv tsis raug" cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem rub tawm hauv Is Taws Nem thiab siv hauv kev tshaj tawm -Processing software (hauv Adobe Photoshop thiab Adobe Camera RAW software, piv txwv). Kev siv lub peev xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo tom qab ua tiav software thiab lub koob yees duab lub ntsej muag tuaj yeem mus ntev rau kev ua cov duab nrog ntau lub thoob lossis pincushion cuam tshuam zoo li ntau yam ntuj thiab txaus siab rau lub qhov muag. Hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm daim duab dav dav pom ib puag ncig cov duab toj roob hauv pes, qhov teeb meem yog tias "kev xav tsis zoo" thiab "chim tsis zoo" yog ua rau cov ntoo mus rau sab nrauv ntawm daim duab kom ntsaws sab hauv. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias qhov no yog lub lens cuam tshuam thiab nws tsis zoo li tias cov ntoo tau khoov txoj hauv kev no.
Tam sim no, ntawm no yog tib daim duab tom qab Lens Profile thiab Vertical Distortion Corrections tau thov hauv Adobe Camera RAW. Cov ntoo tam sim no txhua qhov ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ntsug, ob qho tib si nyob hauv nruab nrab thiab ntawm ntug ntawm qhov chaw, ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev cog qoob loo me me ntawm cov duab. Cov duab zoo li ntau txaus siab rau lub qhov muag, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntoo ntsawj sab hauv
Lus ceeb toom
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Ua "hnub qub" nrog cov ntsiab lus ci ntawm lub teeb, zoo li cov teeb pom kev, uas tsis ci li lub hnub nws tus kheej.
- Tsis txhob taw lub koob yees duab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub lens nrawm lossis ntev, ncaj qha rau ntawm lub hnub thaum sim ua "hnub qub", lossis lwm yam laj thawj. Koj tuaj yeem ua rau koj lub qhov muag puas, lossis lub koob yees duab kaw lossis lub ntsej muag.
- Tsis txhob taw tes rau daim ntaub-shutter tsis yog SLR lub koob yees duab, xws li Leica, mus rau lub hnub, tshwj tsis yog kab tias luv luv los nqa cov duab tuav, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd tsuas yog teeb tsa me me. Koj tuaj yeem hlawv lub qhov ntawm lub qhov rooj, uas yuav xav tau kho me ntsis.
